The term operations management encompasses planning, implementing, and supervising the production of goods or services. Operations managers have responsibilities in both strategy and day-to-day production, in either manufacturing or services. Sometimes called production management, the field is cross-functional, tying in with other departments such as sales, marketing, and finance.
It’s involved in product or service creation, development, production, and distribution. In effect, it connects dots along the value chain. Technology, ever changing, plays a key role in springboarding constant advancements in operations management (OM).
That’s truer now than ever before thanks to budding advancements like self-maintaining smart machines (for production) and drones (for distribution). Companies that use technology well can thrive, and those that don’t may not survive. “The future of operations management is going to involve increasing automation to the point that we will hardly recognize the way new organizations function,’’ says Iris Tsidon, Co-Founder and CEO of, a cloud-based key performance indicator (KPI) platform.
This article will provide an overview of operations management: its history, importance, functions, strategies, principles, and types of production. You’ll also hear from seven operations management professionals about tips, challenges, trends, and the future. Deeper Definitions: What Does Operations Management Mean? In its broadest sense, operations management is responsible for all aspects of creating goods and services. It manages resources such as materials, machines, technology, and people, and makes products and services that the marketplace wants. The whole chain of events must be well managed for a business to be competitive.
As we define operations management more fully, we consider these foundations of OM:. Planning: Operations managers must constantly forecast, plan, and adjust to optimize processes based on conditions. Process: Production of goods or services requires having strong, repeatable processes. Efficiency: Managers must troubleshoot bottlenecks, inadequate resources, and downtimes to create optimal efficiency. Cost Control: Production is typically a major part of a company’s cost structure, and you must manage it wisely. Quality: Good quality control is necessary to maintain customer satisfaction and the company’s reputation.
Companies can greatly suffer without it. Continuous Improvement: To remain competitive, companies need to have processes in place to consistently seek better ways of doing things. Technology: Underlying all of these foundations is technology. Well-used technology keeps a company ahead of the curve. Profitability: Executed properly, all of the above foundations lead to a strong bottom line.
The History of Operations Management We can trace the origins of production management back to 5000 B.C. With the Sumerians, who tracked inventories, transactions, and taxes. Later, the Romans used early operations management methods to plan and build projects, such as the pyramids. Here are other historical highlights:. The Industrial Revolution (1760s to early 1800s) ushered in the foundations of division of labor and interchangeable parts, keys to efficient production. Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin, also manufactured 10,000 muskets by using the concept of interchangeable parts. In 1883, Frederick Winslow Taylor used the stopwatch method to time tasks for complex jobs. Free build your own ak 47 pdf programs.
This became key for studying efficiency and productivity. In about 1912, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth laid the foundation for predetermined motion time systems (PMTS), which predict the time it takes to complete tasks. In 1913, Henry Ford’s first moving assembly line started rolling, cutting production time for a car from 12 hours to less than three. In post-World War II Japan, Toyota developed just-in-time production (JIT), later called the Toyota Production System. The company designed it to eliminate waste and increase productivity and quality.
In 1971, FedEx started overnight package deliveries. Nowadays, Amazon even offers same-day delivery on orders.
The Importance of Operations Management Operations management serves as the engine room of the organization, planning and driving manufacturing or services. To compete in an ever-changing market, operations managers must maximize efficiency, productivity, and profit, which have always been vital to a company’s survival. At most companies, there are many operations employees, and the department’s budget is large. Forbes magazine reported in 2011 that three-quarters of CEOs come from an operations background, showing the importance of understanding how a company functions.
We can also see the importance of operations management in these aspects of a company’s success:. Customer service. Product or service quality. Correctly-functioning processes. Market competitiveness. Technological advances.
Profitability It’s no exaggeration to say everything depends on operations. The Relationship of Operations Management to Other Departments This depends on the company’s size and industry. At startups or small companies, the operations person or people will work hand in hand with sales, marketing, finance, IT, and other people. However, operations teams at large companies also need to work closely with other departments to be effective. The work of operations, from planning to production to distribution, touches the work of most other departments. A company’s product or service is its lifeblood, and that’s what operations provides. Everything else in other departments should, in a sense, support that.
Operations Management Strategies Today’s operations managers are deeply involved in strategy, along with their daily production role. Here are several key strategy and tactics points:. Use of Data: Analytics are essential for strong planning, adjustments, and decision making. Two common types are efficiency metrics and effectiveness metrics. Inventory Analysis: To manage inventory in the supply chain, ABC analysis (also called Pareto analysis) comes into play. It divides inventory into three categories A, B, and C; “A” has the most value and tightest controls, and “C” has the least. Data Challenges: Data is often siloed, which makes it difficult to compare.
But newer systems and setups are making this easier and helping analysts and managers examine data in new, helpful ways. Process Design: Researching, forecasting, and developing a sound process takes expertise and energy, but the results can be lasting. Forecasting and Goal Setting: The best forecasting often combines a look at historical data with analysis of changing conditions. Collaboration Among Departments: With good communication and collaboration, operations management can work effectively with finance, sales, marketing, human resources, and other departments. Being Green: Ecological soundness has become a strategic and legal necessity at companies nowadays, especially in manufacturing. Managing People: With all the advancements in machinery and technology, people remain critical to the equation, though often in different types of jobs.
Principles of Operations Management Randall Schaefer, CPIM, described at his presentation at the 2007 conference of the American Production and Inventory Control Society. Reality: There is no universal solution to the problems in your business. Organization: You must organize all aspects of production into a coherent whole.
Fundamentals: Adhere to fundamentals, such as accurate inventory records. Accountability: People try harder when they’re held accountable. Variance: Variance is part of every process. Causality: Problems are often symptoms. Get to the root cause. Managed Passion: People with a passion for their jobs will drive your company.
Humility: You don’t have to know everything. Success: Define success, and change with the market.
Change: Every manufacturing solution is temporary. Another set of operations management principles comes from author. His 16 principles are:. Team up with customers. Know what they buy and use.
Engage in continual, rapid improvement. Maintain a unified purpose. Involve employees in strategy. Know the competition. Organize resources. Invest in HR. Maintain equipment.
Use the simplest, best equipment. Minimize human error. Shorten the product path to the customer. Pull the system. Improve the workflow and cut the waste by producing on demand. Employ total quality control. Fix root causes.
Manage visibility. Let the market know about your achievements.
Types of Production and Production Systems You can categorize production and production systems in a number of ways:. By technical elements, such as machines and tools, and organizational behavior, such as people, division of labor, and information flow. By process production versus parts production. Process means it undergoes a physical-chemical transformation, such as paper or cement. Parts means parts are made and assembled into a product. By lead time. Categories include purchase to order, make to order, assemble to order, and make to stock.
A noted production method is Material requirements planning and its successor, MRP II. It’s a software-based planning, scheduling, and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes.
Matt Wilhelmi: Associate Business Consultant for advises, “Managing the operations of small and medium-sized businesses comes down to effective communication. There are so many distractions in today’s workplace that we sometimes lose sight of how we communicate. In our experience, effective communication means being consistent and fair. The challenge in effective communication is that sometimes an operations manager needs to encourage and other times needs to discipline/coach. This all happens while maintaining the vision he or she casts for the team.”. Chris Wiegand: CEO of the, comments, The ‘Internet of Things’ — the interconnection of computerized devices via the Internet — has the potential to drive efficiency, but it also brings challenges in complexity and cost. To be efficient, companies need a location infrastructure using addressable maps and technologies, like Bluetooth beacons.
An example is a hospital knowing the real-time location of its infusion pumps and other devices to organize their usage. A big challenge is that companies often store data in separate databases, leaving analysts to pull it into spreadsheets to compare. 'There’s no single dashboard to bring it into.”. Richard Lowe, Jr.: The former Director of Computer Operations for Trader Joe’s and current Owner and Senior Writer of says, “The technology is changing so quickly, it makes it hard on an operations manager to keep up.The whole model of the way things are working is changing.' Using the example of trucking for product distribution, concepts such as robotic trucks and location-aware tracking bring challenges along with advancement. 'It’s a lot more data to manage.'
Technology training presents challenges too. 'How do you keep people up to speed with new technologies?” David Shelton: COO of healthcare service company lists these challenges: “Staffing: I'm convinced your staffing determines your success. A mixture of new employees combined with seasoned experts allows your operation to maintain stability while training staff, expanding sales opportunities, and identifying new solutions to existing problems. Technology: Whether a service provider or manufacturer, new technology and your ability to understand and react to internal data will dictate your operational success. Growth: Do you have the materials, vendor relationships, and labor to keep pace with your sales team and market demands?' Tips for Good Operations Management Once again, our seven experts highlight the importance of technology and people.
The Pros Weigh In on Operations Management Trends One common theme is that computers and tech are in the center of everything. What Is the Future for Operations Management? We ask our experts to look ahead for operations management. They see a future of increasing data and technology, including convoys of driverless trucks.
Iris Tsidon: With increasing automation will come sweeping organizational change. Tsidon says, “Operations are going to reduce hierarchy and make management easier, so, while many are concerned about the loss of low-level jobs, I see that there will be a sweeping change at every level, including upper management. Previous positions that needed highly skilled workers will no longer exist because artificial intelligence will provide better results without human error. In the future, the most valuable management skills will be the ability to combine data analysis with emotional intelligence. This is something that no algorithm can replace and that will be more crucial than ever.”. Daisy Jing: “Remotely handled operations management.
Nowadays, there's nothing a remote worker cannot do. It is possible, and it will be the next trend.”. Katharine Leonard: “I envision operations management becoming a high-tech position, requiring a highly analytical skill set and product-focused mindset. With Amazon delivering packages on the same day, customers are coming to expect instantaneous results, and, to maintain competitiveness, operations needs to drive toward that type of success.”. David Shelton: “There are opportunities presented by technology to build or service faster, better, and cheaper.
It’s critical to utilize technology, interpret data, source new materials, and identify talented labor. You must confront labor challenges and build a better workforce. How do you better utilize your labor force?
Improved recruiting techniques allow you to draw in new labor, but how can you also better train existing staff to advance within the organization? This is a key area we are focusing on. We strongly believe we have an obligation to train our existing team to grow and advance internally.”. Matt Wilhelmi: “I have lots of clients who ask me to look into my crystal ball.
My crystal ball gets a workout! The future of operations management is sliding toward creating data (so it can be measured and studied from an objective position) around the healthiness (culture) of a company’s human operations. Dozens of reports have come out in the past few years that are confirming that lack of engagement by employees leads to a substantial loss of productivity or worse, high turnover. In the truest sense, it’s the operations manager’s responsibility to maximize his or her operations.
The better your culture, the better your operations.”. Chris Wiegand: The future will include location-aware devices and “smart buildings that will maintain themselves. For example, an elevator could know that it needs service work through data inputs and could initiate the repair as part of a structured workflow,” he notes. “There will be greater use of artificial intelligence to recognize a problem and start a workflow.
There will also be more use of predictive analytics. Moreover, you’ll see greater protection of proprietary data, especially if problems result from data being too available. Finally, you’ll find greater gender equality in operations management.
We certainly have great female leaders in operations today. That diversity brings a lot of value.”. Richard Lowe, Jr.: The future features the coming wave of the Internet of Things, including a rapidly growing number of connected devices at home and work. It could include homes with 50 computer devices and entire car factories with virtually no people. “We’re in the middle of the beginning of the tidal wave of the Internet of Things,” Lowe says. Understanding this trend is essential. “You better push your company in that directionThe machines are going to take over a lot of things,” he adds.
“In addition to driverless cars, you might see a convoy of 30 driverless trucks on the highway transporting goods. What’s holding it back right now is more a legal issue than a technical one. The trend is more and more automation, more and more artificial intelligenceThe people who can’t keep up with that will need to find something else to do.”. Effectively Manage Operations with Smartsheet Effectively managing operations planning to reduce over- or under-production is essential for companies to meet their goals and maximize profitability. That’s why it’s important to find the right tool to help you plan, track, and manage all the details. Smartsheet is a work management and automation platform that enables sales enterprises and teams to work better. With Smartsheet, operations teams can improve transparency to process and procedure, optimize operations with cross-department collaboration, and accelerate team output.
Since operations is critical to all other company functions, it’s useful to implement a solution that works well for other teams across the organization. Plus, Smartsheet integrates with several tools that many teams already use. From big picture progress to detailed execution, Smartsheet helps operations professionals focus on what matters most.
The term operations management encompasses planning, implementing, and supervising the production of goods or services. Operations managers have responsibilities in both strategy and day-to-day production, in either manufacturing or services. Sometimes called production management, the field is cross-functional, tying in with other departments such as sales, marketing, and finance. It’s involved in product or service creation, development, production, and distribution. In effect, it connects dots along the value chain. Technology, ever changing, plays a key role in springboarding constant advancements in operations management (OM).
That’s truer now than ever before thanks to budding advancements like self-maintaining smart machines (for production) and drones (for distribution). Companies that use technology well can thrive, and those that don’t may not survive. “The future of operations management is going to involve increasing automation to the point that we will hardly recognize the way new organizations function,’’ says Iris Tsidon, Co-Founder and CEO of, a cloud-based key performance indicator (KPI) platform. This article will provide an overview of operations management: its history, importance, functions, strategies, principles, and types of production. You’ll also hear from seven operations management professionals about tips, challenges, trends, and the future. Deeper Definitions: What Does Operations Management Mean?
In its broadest sense, operations management is responsible for all aspects of creating goods and services. It manages resources such as materials, machines, technology, and people, and makes products and services that the marketplace wants. The whole chain of events must be well managed for a business to be competitive. As we define operations management more fully, we consider these foundations of OM:. Planning: Operations managers must constantly forecast, plan, and adjust to optimize processes based on conditions.
Process: Production of goods or services requires having strong, repeatable processes. Efficiency: Managers must troubleshoot bottlenecks, inadequate resources, and downtimes to create optimal efficiency. Cost Control: Production is typically a major part of a company’s cost structure, and you must manage it wisely. Quality: Good quality control is necessary to maintain customer satisfaction and the company’s reputation. Companies can greatly suffer without it.
Continuous Improvement: To remain competitive, companies need to have processes in place to consistently seek better ways of doing things. Technology: Underlying all of these foundations is technology. Well-used technology keeps a company ahead of the curve.
Profitability: Executed properly, all of the above foundations lead to a strong bottom line. The History of Operations Management We can trace the origins of production management back to 5000 B.C. With the Sumerians, who tracked inventories, transactions, and taxes. Later, the Romans used early operations management methods to plan and build projects, such as the pyramids. Here are other historical highlights:. The Industrial Revolution (1760s to early 1800s) ushered in the foundations of division of labor and interchangeable parts, keys to efficient production.
Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin, also manufactured 10,000 muskets by using the concept of interchangeable parts. In 1883, Frederick Winslow Taylor used the stopwatch method to time tasks for complex jobs.
This became key for studying efficiency and productivity. In about 1912, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth laid the foundation for predetermined motion time systems (PMTS), which predict the time it takes to complete tasks.
In 1913, Henry Ford’s first moving assembly line started rolling, cutting production time for a car from 12 hours to less than three. In post-World War II Japan, Toyota developed just-in-time production (JIT), later called the Toyota Production System. The company designed it to eliminate waste and increase productivity and quality. In 1971, FedEx started overnight package deliveries. Nowadays, Amazon even offers same-day delivery on orders. The Importance of Operations Management Operations management serves as the engine room of the organization, planning and driving manufacturing or services. To compete in an ever-changing market, operations managers must maximize efficiency, productivity, and profit, which have always been vital to a company’s survival.
At most companies, there are many operations employees, and the department’s budget is large. Forbes magazine reported in 2011 that three-quarters of CEOs come from an operations background, showing the importance of understanding how a company functions. We can also see the importance of operations management in these aspects of a company’s success:. Customer service. Product or service quality. Correctly-functioning processes. Market competitiveness.
Technological advances. Profitability It’s no exaggeration to say everything depends on operations. The Relationship of Operations Management to Other Departments This depends on the company’s size and industry. At startups or small companies, the operations person or people will work hand in hand with sales, marketing, finance, IT, and other people. However, operations teams at large companies also need to work closely with other departments to be effective. The work of operations, from planning to production to distribution, touches the work of most other departments. A company’s product or service is its lifeblood, and that’s what operations provides.
Everything else in other departments should, in a sense, support that. Operations Management Strategies Today’s operations managers are deeply involved in strategy, along with their daily production role. Here are several key strategy and tactics points:. Use of Data: Analytics are essential for strong planning, adjustments, and decision making. Two common types are efficiency metrics and effectiveness metrics.
Inventory Analysis: To manage inventory in the supply chain, ABC analysis (also called Pareto analysis) comes into play. It divides inventory into three categories A, B, and C; “A” has the most value and tightest controls, and “C” has the least.
Data Challenges: Data is often siloed, which makes it difficult to compare. But newer systems and setups are making this easier and helping analysts and managers examine data in new, helpful ways. Process Design: Researching, forecasting, and developing a sound process takes expertise and energy, but the results can be lasting. Forecasting and Goal Setting: The best forecasting often combines a look at historical data with analysis of changing conditions. Collaboration Among Departments: With good communication and collaboration, operations management can work effectively with finance, sales, marketing, human resources, and other departments.
Being Green: Ecological soundness has become a strategic and legal necessity at companies nowadays, especially in manufacturing. Managing People: With all the advancements in machinery and technology, people remain critical to the equation, though often in different types of jobs.
Array Implementation Of Queue
Principles of Operations Management Randall Schaefer, CPIM, described at his presentation at the 2007 conference of the American Production and Inventory Control Society. Reality: There is no universal solution to the problems in your business. Organization: You must organize all aspects of production into a coherent whole. Fundamentals: Adhere to fundamentals, such as accurate inventory records. Accountability: People try harder when they’re held accountable. Variance: Variance is part of every process.
Causality: Problems are often symptoms. Get to the root cause. Managed Passion: People with a passion for their jobs will drive your company.
Humility: You don’t have to know everything. Success: Define success, and change with the market. Change: Every manufacturing solution is temporary. Another set of operations management principles comes from author.
His 16 principles are:. Team up with customers. Know what they buy and use.
Engage in continual, rapid improvement. Maintain a unified purpose. Involve employees in strategy. Know the competition.
Organize resources. Invest in HR.
Maintain equipment. Use the simplest, best equipment.
Minimize human error. Shorten the product path to the customer.
Pull the system. Improve the workflow and cut the waste by producing on demand. Employ total quality control.
Fix root causes. Manage visibility.
Let the market know about your achievements. Types of Production and Production Systems You can categorize production and production systems in a number of ways:. By technical elements, such as machines and tools, and organizational behavior, such as people, division of labor, and information flow. By process production versus parts production. Process means it undergoes a physical-chemical transformation, such as paper or cement. Parts means parts are made and assembled into a product. By lead time.
Implement Queue Using Array Java
Categories include purchase to order, make to order, assemble to order, and make to stock. A noted production method is Material requirements planning and its successor, MRP II.
It’s a software-based planning, scheduling, and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes. Matt Wilhelmi: Associate Business Consultant for advises, “Managing the operations of small and medium-sized businesses comes down to effective communication. There are so many distractions in today’s workplace that we sometimes lose sight of how we communicate. In our experience, effective communication means being consistent and fair.
The challenge in effective communication is that sometimes an operations manager needs to encourage and other times needs to discipline/coach. Order and rebellion in tribal africa pdf. This all happens while maintaining the vision he or she casts for the team.”. Chris Wiegand: CEO of the, comments, The ‘Internet of Things’ — the interconnection of computerized devices via the Internet — has the potential to drive efficiency, but it also brings challenges in complexity and cost. To be efficient, companies need a location infrastructure using addressable maps and technologies, like Bluetooth beacons. An example is a hospital knowing the real-time location of its infusion pumps and other devices to organize their usage.
A big challenge is that companies often store data in separate databases, leaving analysts to pull it into spreadsheets to compare. 'There’s no single dashboard to bring it into.”. Richard Lowe, Jr.: The former Director of Computer Operations for Trader Joe’s and current Owner and Senior Writer of says, “The technology is changing so quickly, it makes it hard on an operations manager to keep up.The whole model of the way things are working is changing.' Using the example of trucking for product distribution, concepts such as robotic trucks and location-aware tracking bring challenges along with advancement. 'It’s a lot more data to manage.'
Technology training presents challenges too. 'How do you keep people up to speed with new technologies?” David Shelton: COO of healthcare service company lists these challenges: “Staffing: I'm convinced your staffing determines your success. A mixture of new employees combined with seasoned experts allows your operation to maintain stability while training staff, expanding sales opportunities, and identifying new solutions to existing problems. Technology: Whether a service provider or manufacturer, new technology and your ability to understand and react to internal data will dictate your operational success. Runa laila pakistani songs mp3. Growth: Do you have the materials, vendor relationships, and labor to keep pace with your sales team and market demands?' Tips for Good Operations Management Once again, our seven experts highlight the importance of technology and people.
The Pros Weigh In on Operations Management Trends One common theme is that computers and tech are in the center of everything. What Is the Future for Operations Management? We ask our experts to look ahead for operations management. They see a future of increasing data and technology, including convoys of driverless trucks.
Iris Tsidon: With increasing automation will come sweeping organizational change. Tsidon says, “Operations are going to reduce hierarchy and make management easier, so, while many are concerned about the loss of low-level jobs, I see that there will be a sweeping change at every level, including upper management. Previous positions that needed highly skilled workers will no longer exist because artificial intelligence will provide better results without human error. In the future, the most valuable management skills will be the ability to combine data analysis with emotional intelligence.
This is something that no algorithm can replace and that will be more crucial than ever.”. Daisy Jing: “Remotely handled operations management.
Nowadays, there's nothing a remote worker cannot do. It is possible, and it will be the next trend.”. Katharine Leonard: “I envision operations management becoming a high-tech position, requiring a highly analytical skill set and product-focused mindset. With Amazon delivering packages on the same day, customers are coming to expect instantaneous results, and, to maintain competitiveness, operations needs to drive toward that type of success.”. David Shelton: “There are opportunities presented by technology to build or service faster, better, and cheaper. It’s critical to utilize technology, interpret data, source new materials, and identify talented labor.
You must confront labor challenges and build a better workforce. How do you better utilize your labor force? Improved recruiting techniques allow you to draw in new labor, but how can you also better train existing staff to advance within the organization?
This is a key area we are focusing on. We strongly believe we have an obligation to train our existing team to grow and advance internally.”. Matt Wilhelmi: “I have lots of clients who ask me to look into my crystal ball.
My crystal ball gets a workout! The future of operations management is sliding toward creating data (so it can be measured and studied from an objective position) around the healthiness (culture) of a company’s human operations. Dozens of reports have come out in the past few years that are confirming that lack of engagement by employees leads to a substantial loss of productivity or worse, high turnover. In the truest sense, it’s the operations manager’s responsibility to maximize his or her operations.
The better your culture, the better your operations.”. Chris Wiegand: The future will include location-aware devices and “smart buildings that will maintain themselves. For example, an elevator could know that it needs service work through data inputs and could initiate the repair as part of a structured workflow,” he notes. “There will be greater use of artificial intelligence to recognize a problem and start a workflow. There will also be more use of predictive analytics.
Moreover, you’ll see greater protection of proprietary data, especially if problems result from data being too available. Finally, you’ll find greater gender equality in operations management. We certainly have great female leaders in operations today.
That diversity brings a lot of value.”. Richard Lowe, Jr.: The future features the coming wave of the Internet of Things, including a rapidly growing number of connected devices at home and work. It could include homes with 50 computer devices and entire car factories with virtually no people. “We’re in the middle of the beginning of the tidal wave of the Internet of Things,” Lowe says. Understanding this trend is essential. “You better push your company in that directionThe machines are going to take over a lot of things,” he adds. “In addition to driverless cars, you might see a convoy of 30 driverless trucks on the highway transporting goods.
Queue Operations Java
What’s holding it back right now is more a legal issue than a technical one. The trend is more and more automation, more and more artificial intelligenceThe people who can’t keep up with that will need to find something else to do.”. Effectively Manage Operations with Smartsheet Effectively managing operations planning to reduce over- or under-production is essential for companies to meet their goals and maximize profitability. That’s why it’s important to find the right tool to help you plan, track, and manage all the details. Smartsheet is a work management and automation platform that enables sales enterprises and teams to work better.
With Smartsheet, operations teams can improve transparency to process and procedure, optimize operations with cross-department collaboration, and accelerate team output. Since operations is critical to all other company functions, it’s useful to implement a solution that works well for other teams across the organization. Plus, Smartsheet integrates with several tools that many teams already use. From big picture progress to detailed execution, Smartsheet helps operations professionals focus on what matters most.
In the case of your code, it will probably not do what you expect since the stack routines and the queue routines maintain different variables for where to push to. StackPush(1); // place 1 at position 0; increase top of stack to 1 QueuePush(2); // place 2 at position 0; increase rear of queue to 1 QueuePush(4); // place 4 at position 1; increase rear of queue to 2 StackPop; // get value(2) from position 0; decrease top of stack to 0 StackPush(5); // place 5 at position 0; increase top of stack to 1 QueuePop; // get value(5) from position 0; increase front of queue to 1 If you instead wrote the code so that the stack use rear instead of top, then you would see these results. StackPush(1); // place 1 at position 0; increase rear to 1 QueuePush(2); // place 2 at position 1; increase rear to 2 QueuePush(4); // place 4 at position 2; increase rear to 3 StackPop; // get value(4) from position 2; decrease rear to 2 StackPush(5); // place 5 at position 2; increase rear to 3 QueuePop; // get value(1) from position 0; increase front to 1. Why are you implementing these on the same array? The elements of one structure might overwrite those from the other if you do it like this. You essentially have (something resembling) a there however, but it's difficult to run your program by hand because you have different pointers for the two data structures but only one array for both of them.
It is presumed(or obvious) that the bottom of the stack and the front of the queue is pointing at the same location, and vice versa(top of the stack points the same location as rear of the queue). Well, ok in this case, but you should just use a Deque, which doesn't work on this assumption. Or use different vectors for the queue and stack. Generally a human does this is just how a computer does it. Just have your program print the contents of A after each operation, and it should be logical enough.